SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Seattle General Strike</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seattle General Strike</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295905060">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Seattle General Strike</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><i><a href="Union_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Record">Union Record</a></i> Monday, February 3, 1919</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">February 6–11, 1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="Seattle%2C_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">

<ul><li>Inspiration from the <a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li>

<li>As a show of solidarity with shipyard workers<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">

<ul><li>Pay increases</li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">

<ul><li>Arrests of strikers, charges later dropped</li>

<li>Foundation of several cooperatives after, including a cooperative bank<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Build up of the <a href="First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li></ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Red_Scare1445" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="First_Red_Scare1445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare"><span class="wrap">First Red Scare</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (Jan 22 – Nov 13)</li>

<li><a href="1918-1920_New_York_City_rent_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="1918-1920 New York City rent strikes">1918-1920 NYC rent strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="US_Strike_wave_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="US Strike wave of 1919">US Strike wave of 1919</a></li>

<li><a href="1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">US anarchist bombings</a> (Apr 29 – Jun 2)</li>

<li><a href="May_Day_riots_of_1919" title="May Day riots of 1919">Cleveland May Day riots</a> (May 1)</li>

<li><a href="Boston_Police_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Police Strike">Boston Police Strike</a> (Sep 9)</li>

<li><a href="Steel_strike_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel strike of 1919">Steel strike</a> (Sep 22 – Jan 8)</li>

<li><a href="Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a> (Nov 7 – Jan 2)</li>

<li><a href="United_Mine_Workers_coal_strike_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers coal strike of 1919">Coal strike</a> (Nov 1 – Dec 10)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_strikes3709" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="General_strikes3709" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="General_strike" title="General strike"><span class="wrap">General strikes</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1835_Philadelphia_general_strike" title="1835 Philadelphia general strike">Philadelphia</a> 1835</li>

<li><a href="1855_Catalan_general_strike" title="1855 Catalan general strike">Catalan</a> 1855</li>

<li><a href="1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">St. Louis</a></li>

<li><a href="Scranton_general_strike" title="Scranton general strike">Scranton</a> 1877</li>

<li><a href="International_Workers'_Day" title="International Workers' Day">First May Day</a> (<a href="Haymarket_affair#May_Day_parade_and_strikes" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket Affair</a>) 1886</li>

<li><a href="1892_New_Orleans_general_strike" title="1892 New Orleans general strike">New Orleans</a> 1892</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="1909_Swedish_general_strike" title="1909 Swedish general strike">Sweden</a> 1909</li>

<li><a href="Philadelphia_general_strike_(1910)" title="Philadelphia general strike (1910)">Philadelphia</a> 1910</li>

<li><a href="1918_Vancouver_general_strike" title="1918 Vancouver general strike">Vancouver</a> 1918</li>

<li><a href="Winnipeg_general_strike" title="Winnipeg general strike">Winnipeg</a> 1919</li>

<li><a href="Kapp_Putsch#General_Strike_against_the_Coup" title="Kapp Putsch">Germany</a> 1920</li>

<li><a href="1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike" title="1934 West Coast waterfront strike">San Francisco</a></li>

<li><a href="Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934" title="Minneapolis general strike of 1934">Minneapolis</a> 1934</li>

<li><a href="1946_Oakland_general_strike" title="1946 Oakland general strike">Oakland</a> 1946</li>

<li><a href="1950_Austrian_general_strikes" title="1950 Austrian general strikes">Austria</a> 1950</li>

<li><a href="Positive_Action_campaign" title="Positive Action campaign">Ghana</a> 1950</li>

<li><a href="Finnish_general_strike_of_1956" title="Finnish general strike of 1956">Finland</a> 1956</li>

<li><a href="1958_Paraguayan_general_strike" title="1958 Paraguayan general strike">Paraguay</a> 1958</li>

<li><a href="1971%E2%80%9372_Namibian_contract_workers_strike" title="1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike">Namibia</a> 1971</li>

<li><a href="1973_Uruguayan_general_strike" title="1973 Uruguayan general strike">Uruguay</a> 1973</li>

<li><a href="1988_Spanish_general_strike" title="1988 Spanish general strike">Spain</a> 1988</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="April_1992_Nepalese_general_strike" title="April 1992 Nepalese general strike">Nepal</a> 1992</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="2007_Guinean_general_strike" title="2007 Guinean general strike">Guinea</a> 2007</li>

<li><a href="2008_Egyptian_general_strike" title="2008 Egyptian general strike">Egypt</a> 2008</li>

<li><a href="2009_French_Caribbean_general_strikes" title="2009 French Caribbean general strikes">French Caribbean</a> 2009</li>

<li><a href="2010_Spanish_general_strike" title="2010 Spanish general strike">Spain</a> 2010</li>

<li><a href="2012_European_general_strike" title="2012 European general strike">European</a> 2012</li>

<li><a href="2016_Indian_general_strike" title="2016 Indian general strike">India</a> 2016</li>

<li><a href="2017_Brazilian_general_strike" title="2017 Brazilian general strike">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Catalan_general_strike" title="2017 Catalan general strike">Catalan</a> 2017</li>

<li><a href="2019_Catalan_general_strike" title="2019 Catalan general strike">Catalan</a> 2019</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>

<p>The <b>Seattle General Strike</b> was a five-day general <a href="Strike_action" title="Strike action">work stoppage</a> by 65,000 workers in the city of <a href="Seattle%2C_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, from February 6 to 11, 1919. The goal was to support shipyard workers in several unions who were locked out of their jobs when they tried to strike for higher wages. Most other local unions joined the walk-out, including members of the <a href="American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL) and the <a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW). The national offices of the AFL unions were opposed to the shutdown. Local, state and federal government officials, the press, and much of the public viewed the strike as a radical attempt to subvert American institutions.

</p><p>The strike's demand for higher wages came within months of the end of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the original justification for the wage controls. From 1915 to 1918, Seattle had seen a big increase in union membership, and some union leaders were inspired by the <a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917. Some commentators blamed the strike on <a href="Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and other radicals inspired by "un-American" ideologies, making it the first expression of the anti-<a href="American_Left" title="American Left">left</a> sentiment that characterized the <a href="First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">Red Scare</a> of 1919 and 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>In these years, more workers in the city were organized in unions than ever before. There was a 400 percent increase in union membership from 1915 to 1918. At the time, workers in the United States, particularly in the <a href="Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, were becoming increasingly radicalized, with many in the rank and file supportive of the recent <a href="Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">revolution in Russia</a> and working toward a similar revolution in the United States. In the fall of 1919, for instance, Seattle <a href="Longshoremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshoremen">longshoremen</a> refused to load arms destined for the anti-Bolshevik <a href="White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Army</a> in Russia and attacked those who attempted to load them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The arrival of the Russian steamship <i>Shilka</i> in Seattle on December 24, 1917 added to the thought of Bolshevik involvement. The ship had been damaged and thrown off course in a storm and limped its way into the port almost out of fuel, food and fresh water. The U.S. Attorney in Seattle was tipped off by an "informant" that the ship was coming and it was going to "aid the enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enemy at this time would have been the labor parties threatening a strike. Many believed that its arrival signified a Bolshevik connection with the labor unrest in Seattle. A lot of rumors came about because of this ship's arrival. The <a href="Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a> ran a front-page article about an I.W.W. ship being held that contained over a hundred thousand dollars to help I.W.W. members get out of jail.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This article proved to be false as the search of the vessel by local law enforcement turned up nothing of significance. A first-hand account of a sailor aboard the ship claimed that there was no evidence found on board because the only contentious material was some flyers in a briefcase that were carried off of the ship upon its arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another passenger that arrived with the ship was arrested for taking part in labor talks with one of the unions in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was never any concrete evidence connecting the <i>Shilka</i> to the labor parties of Seattle, there was enough to show that the labor parties at the least had the support of Bolshevik Russia. There was a lot of fear of the Bolsheviks because it was known that they had been hoping for a revolution in the Western world in order to support Russia by pooling resources.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most unions in Seattle were officially affiliated with the AFL, but the ideas of ordinary workers tended to be more radical than their leaders. A local labor leader from the time discussed the politics of Seattle's workers in June 1919:<sup id="cite_ref-Brecher120_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brecher120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote><p>I believe that 95 percent of us agree that the workers should control the industries. Nearly all of us agree on that but very strenuously disagree on the method. Some of us think we can get control through the Cooperative movement, some of us think through political action, and others think through industrial action.</p></blockquote>

<p>Another journalist described the spread of <a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> relating to the Russian Revolution:<sup id="cite_ref-Brecher120_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brecher120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote><p>For some time these pamphlets were seen by hundreds on Seattle's streetcars and ferries, read by men of the shipyards on their way to work. Seattle's businessmen commented on the phenomenon sourly; it was plain to everyone that these workers were conscientiously and energetically studying how to organize their coming to power. Already, workers in Seattle talked about "workers' power" as a practical policy for the not far distant future.</p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strike">Strike</h2></div>

<p>A few weeks after the <a href="Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">November 1918 armistice</a> ended <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, unions in Seattle's <a href="Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> industry demanded a pay increase for unskilled workers. They formed the Seattle Metal Trades Council, made up of delegates from twenty-one different craft unions; there were seventeen at the time of the first strike vote. At the time of the General Strike, these separate unions no longer made separate agreements with the yard-owners; a single blanket-agreement was made at intervals by the Metal Trades Council for all the crafts comprising it. In August 1917, the workers had succeeded in establishing a uniform wage scale for one third of the metal tradesmen working in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee19198_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee19198-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the general strike, James Taylor was president of the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee191911_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee191911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In an attempt to divide the ranks of the union, the yard owners responded by offering a pay increase only to skilled workers. The union rejected that offer and Seattle's 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike on January 21, 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Controversy erupted when <a href="Charles_Piez" title="Charles Piez">Charles Piez</a>, head of the <a href="Emergency_Fleet_Corporation" title="Emergency Fleet Corporation">Emergency Fleet Corporation</a> (EFC), an enterprise created by the federal government as a wartime measure and the largest employer in the industry, sent a <a href="Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> to the yard owners threatening to withdraw their contracts if any increase in wages were granted. The message intended for the Metal Trades Association, the owners, was accidentally delivered to the Metal Trades Council, the union. The shipyard workers responded with anger directed at both their employers and the federal government which, through the EFC, seemed to be siding with corporate interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The workers immediately appealed to the <a href="Seattle_Central_Labor_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Central Labor Council">Seattle Central Labor Council</a> for a general strike of all workers in Seattle. Members of various unions were polled, with almost unanimous support in favor–even among traditionally conservative unions. As many as 110 locals officially supported the call for a general strike to begin on February 6, 1919, at 10:00 am.<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn368-9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn368-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the strikers were war veterans who wore their uniforms as they went on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagedorn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagedorn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86–87">: 86–87 </span></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_during_the_strike">Life during the strike</h2></div>

<p>A cooperative body made up of rank and file workers from all the striking locals were formed during the strike, called the General Strike Committee. It acted as a "virtual counter-government for the city."<sup id="cite_ref-b122_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee organized to provide essential services for the people of Seattle during the work stoppage. For instance, garbage that would create a health hazard was collected, laundry workers continued to handle hospital laundry, and firemen remained on duty. Exemptions to the stoppage of labor had to be passed by the Strike Committee, and authorized vehicles bore signs to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn368-9_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn368-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b122_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, work was not halted if doing so would endanger lives.<sup id="cite_ref-b122_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In other cases, workers acted on their own initiative to create new institutions. Milk wagon drivers, after being denied the right by their employers to keep certain dairies open, established a distribution system of 35 neighborhood milk stations. A system of <a href="Food_distribution" title="Food distribution">food distribution</a> was also established, which throughout the strike committee distributed as many as 30,000 meals each day. Strikers paid twenty-five cents per meal, and the general public paid thirty-five cents. Beef stew, spaghetti, bread, and coffee were offered on an all-you-can-eat basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn368-9_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn368-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Army veterans created an alternative to the police in order to maintain order. A group called the "Labor War Veteran's Guard" forbade the use of force and did not carry weapons, and used "persuasion only."<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn368-9_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn368-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peacekeeping proved unnecessary. The regular police forces made no arrests in actions related to the strike, and general arrests dropped to less than half their normal number. Major General <a href="John_Frank_Morrison" title="John Frank Morrison">John F. Morrison</a>, stationed in Seattle, claimed that he had never seen "a city so quiet and orderly."<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn368-9_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn368-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The methods of organization adopted by the striking workers bore resemblance to <a href="Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, perhaps reflecting the influence of the <a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> in the Pacific Northwest, though only a few striking locals were officially affiliated with the IWW.<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn368-9_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn368-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radical_visions">Radical visions</h2></div>

<p>Revolutionary pamphlets littered the streets of the city. One called "Russia Did It" proclaimed: "The Russians have shown you the way out. What are you going to do about it? You are doomed to <a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a> till you die unless you wake up, realize that you and the boss have nothing in common, that the employing class must be overthrown, and that you, the workers, must take over the control of your jobs, and through them, the control over your lives instead of offering yourself up to the masters as a sacrifice six days a week, so that they may coin profits out of your sweat and toil."<sup id="cite_ref-Brecher,_126_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brecher,_126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In an editorial in the <i><a href="Seattle_Union_Record" title="Seattle Union Record">Seattle Union Record</a></i>, a union newspaper, pro-Soviet activist <a href="Anna_Louise_Strong" title="Anna Louise Strong">Anna Louise Strong</a>, although not a union member tried to use the general strike's power and potential to have the workers seize the industries of Seattle:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The closing down of Seattle's industries, as a MERE SHUTDOWN, will not affect these eastern gentlemen much. They could let the whole northwest go to pieces, as far as money alone is concerned.

</p><p>But, the closing down of the capitalistically controlled industries of Seattle, while the workers organize to feed the people, to care for the babies and the sick, to preserve order – this will move them, for this looks too much like the taking over of power by the workers.

</p><p>Labor will not only Shut Down the industries, but Labor will reopen, under the management of the appropriate trades, such activities as are needed to preserve public health and public peace. If the strike continues, Labor may feel led to avoid public suffering by reopening more and more activities.

</p><p>UNDER ITS OWN MANAGEMENT.

</p><p>

And that is why we say that we are starting on a road that leads – no one knows where!</p></blockquote>

<p>Newspapers across the country reprinted excerpts from Strong's editorial.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagedorn,_87_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagedorn,_87-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_general_strike">End of the general strike</h2></div>

<p>Three simultaneous movements brought the strike to an end: Mayor <a href="Ole_Hanson" title="Ole Hanson">Ole Hanson</a> increased the police and military forces available to enforce order, though there was no disorder, and possibly to take the place of striking workers. Union officials, especially those more senior and those at higher levels of the labor movement, feared that using the general strike as a tactic would fail and set back their organizing efforts. Union members, perhaps seeing the strength of the forces arrayed against them, perhaps mindful of their union leaders concerns began to go back to work. The General Strike Committee attributed the end of the strike to pressure from international union officers and the difficulty of continuing to live in the shut-down city.<sup id="cite_ref-zinn369-70_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zinn369-70-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Mayor Hanson had federal troops available and stationed 950 sailors and marines across the city by February 7. He added 600 men to the police force and hired 2,400 special deputies, students from the <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> for the most part.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagedorn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagedorn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 87">: 87 </span></sup> On February 7, Mayor Hanson threatened to use 1,500 police and 1,500 troops to replace striking workers the next day, but the strikers assumed this was an empty threat and were proved correct.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mayor continued his rhetorical attack on February 9, saying that the "sympathetic strike was called in the exact manner as was the revolution in Petrograd."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayor Hanson told reporters that "any man who attempts to take over the control of the municipal government functions will be shot."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The international offices of some of the unions and the national leadership of the AFL began to exert pressure on the General Strike Committee and individual unions to end the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_75_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_75-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some locals gave in to this pressure and returned to work. The executive committee of the General Strike Committee, pressured by the AFL and international labor organizations, proposed ending the general strike at midnight on February 8, but their recommendation was voted down by the General Strike Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_75_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_75-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 8, some streetcar operators returned to work and restored some critical city transportation services. Seattle's main department store reopened as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then teamsters and newsboys returned to work.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 10, the General Strike Committee voted to end the general strike on February 11 and by noon on that day it was over.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stated its reasons: "Pressure from international officers of unions, from executive committees of unions, from the 'leaders' in the labor movement, even from those very leaders who are still called 'Bolsheviki' by the undiscriminating press. And, added to all these, the pressure upon the workers themselves, not of the loss of their own jobs, but of living in a city so tightly closed."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The city had been effectively paralyzed for five days, but the general strike collapsed as labor reconsidered its effectiveness under pressure from senior labor leaders and their own obvious failure to match the Mayor's propaganda in the war for public opinion. The shipyard strike, in support of which the general strike had been called, persisted.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

<p>Immediately following the general strike's end, thirty-nine IWW members were arrested as "ringleaders of anarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn370-1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn370-1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Seattle Mayor <a href="Ole_Hanson" title="Ole Hanson">Ole Hanson</a> took credit for ending the strike and was hailed by some of the press. He resigned a few months later and toured the country giving lectures on the dangers of "domestic Bolshevism." He earned $38,000 in seven months, five times his annual salary as mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He agreed that the general strike was a revolutionary event. In his view, the fact that it was peaceful proved its revolutionary nature and intent. He wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Brecher,_126_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brecher,_126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zinn370-1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn370-1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote><p>The so-called sympathetic Seattle strike was an attempted revolution. That there was no violence does not alter the fact... The intent, openly and covertly announced, was for the overthrow of the industrial system; here first, then everywhere... True, there were no flashing guns, no bombs, no killings. Revolution, I repeat, doesn't need violence. The general strike, as practised in Seattle, is of itself the weapon of revolution, all the more dangerous because quiet. To succeed, it must suspend everything; stop the entire life stream of a community... That is to say, it puts the government out of operation. And that is all there is to revolt—no matter how achieved.</p></blockquote>

<p>Between the strike's announcement and beginning, on February 4, the <a href="U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> voted to expand the work of its <a href="Overman_Committee" title="Overman Committee">Overman Judiciary Subcommittee</a> from investigating German spies to Bolshevik propaganda. The Committee launched a month of hearings on February 11, the day the strike collapsed. Its sensational report detailed Bolshevik atrocities and the threat of domestic agitators bent on revolution and the abolition of private property. The labor radicalism represented by the Seattle General Strike fit neatly into its conception of the threat American institutions faced.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="1916_West_Coast_waterfront_strike" title="1916 West Coast waterfront strike">1916 West Coast waterfront strike</a> – Labor strike on the US West Coast</li>

<li><a href="Everett_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Everett Massacre">Everett Massacre</a> – 1916 gunfight between union members and police in Everett, Washington, United States<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="May_Day_riots_of_1919" title="May Day riots of 1919">May Day riots of 1919</a> – Riots in Cleveland, Ohio</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFHistory_Committee1919" class="citation book cs1">History Committee of the General Strike Committee (1919). <i>The Seattle General Strike: An account of what happened in Seattle, and especially in the Seattle labor movement during the General Strike, February 6 to 11, 1919</i>. Seattle: The Seattle Union Record, Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044011842598">2027/hvd.32044011842598</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow2020" class="citation book cs1">Winslow, Cal (2020). <i>Radical Seattle: The General Strike of 1919</i>. Monthly Review Press. p. 252. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1583678527</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1955" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Robert K. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7sgJeSyKZoYC"><i>Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 58. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780816658336</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prole.info/texts/seattle1919.html">History Committee of the General Strike Committee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810020915/http://www.prole.info/texts/seattle1919.html">Archived</a> 2011-08-10 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed June 6, 2011</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2017" class="citation journal cs1">Spence, Richard B. (2017-04-03). "The Voyage of the Shilka : The Bolshevik Revolution Comes To Seattle, 1917". <i>American Communist History</i>. <b>16</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>101. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14743892.2017.1330106">10.1080/14743892.2017.1330106</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-3892">1474-3892</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159539922">159539922</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Charles Pierce Lewarne. <i>Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1975. pp. xiv, 325. $12.50". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. October 1976. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F81.4.985-a">10.1086/ahr/81.4.985-a</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239">1937-5239</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMason_DanielSmith,_Jessica1970" class="citation book cs1">Mason Daniel; Smith, Jessica, eds. (1970). <i>Lenin's impact on the United States</i>. N.W.R. Publications. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/92937">92937</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magden, Ronald. “The Radical Era.” <i>A History of Seattle Waterfront Workers, 1884–1934</i>. 1st ed. Seattle, Wash.: International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union 19 of Seattle, the Washington Commission for the Humanities, 1991.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCole1952" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, G. D. H. (October 1952). "The Bolshevik Revolution". <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>151. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668135208409848">10.1080/09668135208409848</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-5859">0038-5859</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brecher120-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brecher120_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brecher120_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brecher, 120</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee19198-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee19198_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_Committee1919">History Committee 1919</a>, p. 8.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee191911-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_Committee191911_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_Committee1919">History Committee 1919</a>, p. 11.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 65</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hagedorn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hagedorn_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hagedorn_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHagedorn2007" class="citation book cs1">Hagedorn, Ann (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/savagepeacehopef00hage"><i>Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7432-4372-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-b122-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b122_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b122_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b122_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brecher, 122</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brecher,_126-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brecher,_126_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brecher,_126_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brecher, 126</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brecher, 124–125</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"No One Knows Where" in <i>The Seattle Union Record,</i> February 4, 1919, p. 1; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/strong-anna-louise/1919/laborspeech.htm">online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hagedorn,_87-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagedorn,_87_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn, 87</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 73–74</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 73</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSobel" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Robert. <i>Coolidge: An American Enigma</i>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc. p. 124.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Foner,_75-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_75_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_75_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 75</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 74</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 76</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 75–76</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_Committee_of_the_General_Strike_Committee1919" class="citation book cs1">History Committee of the General Strike Committee (1919). <i>The Seattle General Strike: An account of what happened in Seattle, and especially in the Seattle labor movement during the General Strike, February 6 to 11, 1919</i>. Seattle: The Seattle Union Record, Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044011842598">2027/hvd.32044011842598</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrecher2014" class="citation book cs1">Brecher, Jeremy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh33AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112"><i>Strike!</i></a>. PM Press. p. 112. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781604869071</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/images/news/P-I/PI_19190211_P12.jpg">"Shipyard Strike May Be Long One"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2016</span> – via University of Washington Seattle General Strike Project.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, 65–66; Hagedorn, 180</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn 59, 147–148; Murray, 94–98</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Jeremy_Brecher" title="Jeremy Brecher">Brecher, Jeremy</a>. <i>Strike!</i> Revised edition. <a href="South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>, 1997. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-89608-569-4</bdi></li>

<li>Foner, Philip S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMBWNCXcR8wC"><i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States</i>, v.8 <i>Postwar Struggles, 1918–1920</i></a> (NY: International Publishers, 1988), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7178-0388-0</bdi></li>

<li>Hagedorn, Ann, <i>Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919</i> (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7432-4372-2</bdi></li>

<li>History Committee of the General Strike Committee. <i>Seattle General Strike</i> (<a href="Left_Bank_Books_(Seattle)" title="Left Bank Books (Seattle)">Left Bank Books</a>, 2012)</li>

<li>Murray, Robert K., <i>Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920</i> (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 1955)</li>

<li><a href="Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a>. "Self Help in Hard Times." <i><a href="A_People's_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></i>. Rev. and updated ed. (NY: HarperCollins, 1995) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-06-092643-0</bdi></li>

<li>Frank, Dana., <i>Race Relations and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1915-1919</i> The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 86, no.1 (1994)</li>

<li>Cal Winslow, <i>Radical Seattle: The General Strike of 1919.</i> New York: Monthly Review Press, 2020.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Robert_L._Friedheim" title="Robert L. Friedheim">Robert L. Friedheim</a>, <i>The Seattle General Strike.</i> Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1964.</li>

<li>Friedheim, Robert L. "The Seattle General Strike of 1919." <i>Pacific Northwest Quarterly</i> 52.3 (1961): 81–98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40487648">online</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Robert L. Friedheim, and Robin Friedheim. "The Seattle Labor Movement, 1919–20." <i>Pacific Northwest Quarterly</i> 55.4 (1964): 146–156. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40487927">online</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRoger_S._Powers1997" class="citation book cs1">Roger S. Powers; et al., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmlWr4aAt4EC&pg=PA464">"Seattle General Strike, 1919"</a>. <i>Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action</i>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-136-76482-0</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li>Pressman, Matthew. "Black and White and Red All Over? Reassessing Newspapers’ Role in the Red Scare of 1919." <i>Journalism History</i> 39.1 (2013): 29–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00947679.2013.12062898">online</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3></div>

<ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/findaids/docs/papersrecords/AFLCIOKingCoLabor1940.xml">King County Labor Council of Washington (Seattle, Wash.) Records.</a> 1889–2003. 38.26 cubic feet (1.083 m<sup>3</sup>) The Martin Luther King County Labor Council is the successor organization to the Seattle Central Labor Council. This collection contains records relating to the Seattle General Strike of 1919.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=StrongAnnaLouise1309_1444.xml">Anna Louise Strong Papers.</a> 1885–1970. 24.11 cubic feet (43 boxes, 3 packages, 3 folders). Contains material collected by Strong about the Seattle General Strike.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=BeckBroussais155.xml">Broussais C. Beck Papers.</a> 1919–1961. 2.93 cubic feet including microfilm (5 boxes). Contains materials Beck collected when he was monitoring labor activity before, during, and after the Seattle General Strike.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/index.shtml">Seattle General Strike Project at the University of Washington</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/STRIKES!/exh.html">Seattle Strikes Exhibit at the University of Washington Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517152946/http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/STRIKES!/exh.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044011842598">"An Account of What Happened in Seattle and Especially in the Seattle Labor Movement, During the General Strike, February 6 To 11, 1919,"</a> by the History Committee of the General Strike Committee</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv5VcSwT1hI"><span class="">The Seattle General Strike</span></a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d50032; color:white;;background:#d50032; color:white;"><div id="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World629" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World"><span style="background-color: #d50032; color:white;">Industrial Workers of the World</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d50032; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="History of the Industrial Workers of the World"><span style="background-color: #d50032; color:white;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #fbe6e5;;width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First_Convention_of_the_Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="First Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World">First Convention of the IWW</a></li>

<li><a href="1907_Skowhegan_textile_strike" title="1907 Skowhegan textile strike">1907 Skowhegan textile strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressed_Steel_Car_strike_of_1909" title="Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909">Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #fbe6e5;;width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1912_New_York_City_waiters'_strike" title="1912 New York City waiters' strike">1912 New York City waiters' strike</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Diego_free_speech_fight" title="San Diego free speech fight">San Diego free speech fight</a></li>

<li><a href="Grabow_riot" title="Grabow riot">Grabow riot</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheatland_hop_riot" title="Wheatland hop riot">Wheatland hop riot</a></li>

<li><a href="1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike" title="1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike">1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1913_El_Paso_smelters'_strike" title="1913 El Paso smelters' strike">1913 El Paso smelters' strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1913_Paterson_silk_strike" title="1913 Paterson silk strike">1913 Paterson silk strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Paterson_pageant" title="Paterson pageant">Paterson pageant</a></li>

<li><a href="Hopedale_strike" title="Hopedale strike">Hopedale strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1913_Ipswich_Mills_strike" title="1913 Ipswich Mills strike">1913 Ipswich Mills strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1913_Studebaker_strike" title="1913 Studebaker strike">1913 Studebaker strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Tucker_strike" title="Tucker strike">Tucker strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayonne_refinery_strikes_of_1915%E2%80%931916" title="Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916">Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916</a></li>

<li><a href="Everett_massacre" title="Everett massacre">Everett massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike" title="1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike">1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Bisbee_Deportation" title="Bisbee Deportation">Bisbee Deportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Tulsa_Outrage" title="Tulsa Outrage">Tulsa Outrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Centralia_massacre_(Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralia massacre (Washington)">Centralia massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Bisbee_Riot" title="Bisbee Riot">Bisbee Riot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #fbe6e5;;width:1%">1920s & 1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anaconda_Road_massacre" title="Anaconda Road massacre">Anaconda Road massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="1922_New_England_Textile_Strike" title="1922 New England Textile Strike">1922 New England Textile Strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1923_San_Pedro_maritime_strike" title="1923 San Pedro maritime strike">1923 San Pedro maritime strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike" title="1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike">1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike</a></li>

<li><a href="1933_Yakima_Valley_strike" title="1933 Yakima Valley strike">1933 Yakima Valley strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Stockton_cannery_strike_of_1937" title="Stockton cannery strike of 1937">Stockton cannery strike of 1937</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #fbe6e5;;width:1%">After 1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1964_Mount_Isa_Mines_strike" title="1964 Mount Isa Mines strike">1964 Mount Isa Mines strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Redwood_Summer" title="Redwood Summer">Redwood Summer</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_Wisconsin_protests" title="2011 Wisconsin protests">2011 Wisconsin protests</a></li>

<li><a href="2018%E2%80%932019_education_workers'_strikes_in_the_United_States" title="2018–2019 education workers' strikes in the United States">2018–2019 Education strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Lyft_and_Uber_drivers'_strikes" title="2019 Lyft and Uber drivers' strikes">Lyft and Uber strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_Frito-Lay_strike" title="2021 Frito-Lay strike">2021 Frito-Lay strike</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d50032; color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_General_Secretary-Treasurers_of_the_Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="List of General Secretary-Treasurers of the Industrial Workers of the World">List of General Secretary-Treasurers</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Bill Haywood</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Little_(unionist)" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Lucy Parsons</a></li>

<li><a href="Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Matilda Robbins</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlo_Tresca" title="Carlo Tresca">Carlo Tresca</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Legere" title="Ben Legere">Ben Legere</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d50032; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_philosophy_and_tactics" title="Industrial Workers of the World philosophy and tactics"><span style="background-color: #dc241f; color:white;">Philosophy</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d50032; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_unions" title="List of Industrial Workers of the World unions"><span style="background-color: #dc241f; color:white;">Sections</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australasian_Meat_Industry_Employees_Union" title="Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union">Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Burgerville#Burgerville_Workers_Union" title="Burgerville">Burgerville Workers Union</a></li>

<li>Education Workers Industrial Union</li>

<li><a href="Incarcerated_Workers_Organizing_Committee" title="Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee">Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee</a></li>

<li>Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union</li>

<li><a href="Starbucks_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Starbucks Workers Union">Starbucks Workers Union</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Campaign_Workers" title="United Campaign Workers">United Campaign Workers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #fbe6e5;;width:1%"><i>Extinct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_Workers_Organization" title="Agricultural Workers Organization">Agricultural Workers Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumber_Workers_Industrial_Union" title="Lumber Workers Industrial Union">Lumber Workers Industrial Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_and_Machinery_Workers_Industrial_Union" title="Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union">Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d50032; color:white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_speech_fights" title="Free speech fights">Free speech fights</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Wobbly_terms" title="Glossary of Wobbly terms">Glossary of Wobbly terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_Red_Songbook" title="Little Red Songbook">Little Red Songbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Federation_of_Miners" title="Western Federation of Miners">Western Federation of Miners</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_International_Industrial_Union" title="Workers' International Industrial Union">Workers' International Industrial Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#d50032; color:white;"><div><a href="Portal%3AOrganized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour"><span style="background-color: #d50032; color:white;">Organized Labour portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3118392#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3118392#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85053797">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007562701705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/f0c457cc-b4c9-4d41-bcdc-f80359cb91e7">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Seattle_General_Strike&oldid=1302726786">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>